====== Arduino Native (CLI) ======

This article demonstrates how to develop for Arduino boards using only
basic command line utilities, without having to use the Arduino IDE.

Tested on %%FreeBSD%% 12.2 and above.

===== Preparation =====

Required ports:

| devel/arduino-core | devel/arduino-bsd-mk | devel/avr-gcc | devel/avr-libc | devel/avrdude | comms/uarduno |

With all the software installed, add the following line to ''%%/boot/loader.conf%%''
in case you want the Arduino kernel module to load automatically on boot.
If you want to manually load the module whenever you need it, skip this step:

<code>
uarduno_load="YES"
</code>

Load the kernel module:

<code>
# kldload uarduno
</code>

Check your ''%%~/.arduino/preferences.txt%%'' and see if the following lines exist
([[Arduino/NativeIDE|source]]):

<code>
serial.port=/dev/cuaU0
launcher=/usr/local/bin/firefox
</code>

Add your user to the ''%%dialer%%'' group:

<code>
# pw group mod dialer -m $USER
</code>

===== Connecting the board =====

Standard Arduino boards connect as ''%%/dev/cuaU0%%'' and/or ''%%/dev/ttyU0%%'' on %%FreeBSD%%.
In case these serial ports don't show up in ''%%/dev%%'', you might need to press
your board's reset button. After you've plugged your board into a USB port,
you should get the following output from ''%%dmesg%%''. Although the output may
vary, the important thing is that your board is connected and detected.

<code>
ugen1.5: <Arduino (www.arduino.cc) product 0x0043> at usbus1
uarduno0: <Arduino (www.arduino.cc) product 0x0043, class 2/0, rev 1.10/0.01, addr 5> on usbus1
</code>

If ''%%dmesg%%'' returned information about your board, you should also see ''%%cuaU0%%''
and/or ''%%ttyU0%%'' in ''%%/dev%%''. In case your board is still not detected - considering
it's not a fake one, try using a different USB cable or reset it again and
make sure you've followed the setup steps correctly.

===== The Makefile =====

The only thing you're going to need in order to get started is
just a ''%%Makefile%%'' that'll be used to compile and //upload// your Arduino programs.
Make a new directory for your Arduino project and a ''%%Makefile%%'' with
the following lines:

<code>
ARDUINO_DIR=    /usr/local/arduino
ARDUINO_MK_DIR= /usr/local/arduino-bsd-mk
#ARDUINO_LIBS=
AVRDUDE_PORT=   your_board_port
ARDUINO_BOARD=  your_board_name
SRCS=		your_source_files
TARGET=	        your_program_name

include /usr/local/arduino-bsd-mk/bsd.arduino.mk
</code>

In my case my board is an Arduino Uno, so I'd have to set ''%%ARDUINO_BOARD%%'' to
''%%uno%%''. You can see which board types are available in
''%%/usr/local/arduino/hardware/arduino/avr/boards.txt%%''. If you want to install new
libraries, copy them over to ''%%/usr/local/arduino/hardware/arduino/avr/libraries/%%''.

Avoid having source files named ''%%main%%''.

===== Building and uploading a program =====

Write some Arduino code, and when you’re ready to compile and upload, run
the following command:

<code>
# make install flash clean cleandepend
</code>

If all went well you should see the board executing the new code, if it
doesn't, try to see what errors the ''%%Makefile%%'' produced.

===== Monitoring =====

The Arduino IDE provides a serial monitor feature, but %%FreeBSD%% has a builtin
monitoring utility which can be accessed directly from the terminal. Run this
whenever you want to monitor your board and exit with ''%%~!%%'' (use the appropriate port):

<code>
$ cu -l /dev/cuaU0
</code>

===== Using board types other than the Uno =====

As it's mentioned above, we're using the ''%%uarduno%%'' kernel module. Even though
the module's description is "//%%FreeBSD%% Kernel Driver for the Arduino Uno USB interface//",
you can, in fact, use different board types other than the Uno. According to ''%%uarduno%%'''s
[[http://www.mrp3.com/uarduno.html|website]], you can modify
''%%/usr/ports/comms/uarduno/files/ids.txt%%'' to include more board types; the two
fields are Vendor ID and Product ID. Read the comments inside the file for more
information.

<code>
{ 0x2341, 0x0001 },  // Arduino UNO, vendor 2341H, product 0001H
{ 0x2341, 0x0042 },  // Arduino MEGA (rev 3), vendor 2341H, product 0042H
{ 0x2341, 0x0043 },  // Arduino UNO (rev 3), vendor 2341H, product 0043H
{ 0x2341, 0x0010 },  // Arduino MEGA 2560 R3, vendor 2341H, product 0010H
{ 0x2341, 0x8037 },  // Arduino Micro
</code>

When you're done, clean and re-build the port.

===== Known issues and their fixes =====

Even though you might have plugged your board to your machine, you might
notice that there is no device appearing in ''%%/dev%%''. Although there is no
definite answer as to why this is happening, make sure that the USB cable
is connected properly; on some boards - certainly mine - you have to hear
a click sound.

When trying to use a new library, you might notice that your code doesn't
compile. Considering the library isn't broken, a common issue is that you
haven't stored the library in the correct path. As already mentioned,
libraries are stored in ''%%/usr/local/arduino/hardware/arduino/avr/libraries/%%'', so you have to move
it there.